Which trace elements must be dosed, and at roughly what levels?
sourced
Iron, nickel, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum and tungsten are enzyme cofactors for methanogens, and deficiency shows up as VFA accumulation and eventual failure. A 2025 review fitted effective ranges of roughly 0.56-1.67 mg/g VS iron, 0.01-0.1 mg/g VS cobalt and 0.04-0.5 mg/g VS nickel, with efficiency falling once doses run above those ranges.
- Source
- Springer, BioEnergy Research (2025); PMC study on Co/Ni/Se-W deficiency
- sourced
- Traceable to a named source.
- Level
- Practitioner — Operating numbers, ranges and failure modes.
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